For most of our existence, since our emergence as a distinct species nearly three hundred thousand years ago, the basic thrust of human life was defined by the pursuit of survival and reproduction. In actuality, the astounding ascent in living conditions in the past two centuries has been the product of an abrupt transformation rather than of a process that gained momentum, incrementally. Over this two-hundred-year period, per capita incomes have soared in the most developed regions and on Planet Earth as a whole. And yet, growth in the past two hundred years has been defined by inequality, with a large divergence in per capita income across world regions. What explains those gaps? And what defines our future? This interdisciplinary approach weaves together economics, history, archaeology, anthropology, mathematics, and the natural sciences to make an encompassing case for the power of diversity in the human journey.