As a pioneering work of science fiction and feminist utopian literature at the turn of the century, Sultana's Dream is strikingly advanced in its critique of patriarchy, war, industrialization, and the exploitation of the natural world. Sultana, a Muslim woman living in contemporary India, falls asleep and wakes up in a transformed future world: a utopia in which men rather than women are relegated to the domestic sphere. Women, now free to explore the outside world at will and pursue an education, run a peaceful and just society, using scientific principles to harvest energy from the sun and live in harmony with nature. Hossain's novella Padmarag is similarly utopian in its depiction of a women-run school and welfare center, and is both feminist and anti-colonial in its outlook.